The highest level(s) of influence this method typically matches with on the IAP2 public participation spectrum is…
Inform
To provide the public with balanced and objective information.
Consult
To obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and/or decisions.
Involve
To work directly with the public throughout the process.
Collaborate
To partner with the public in each aspect of the decision.
Empower
To place final decision making in the hands of the public.
Purpose
Time
Resources
Budget
Participants
A Referendum is a formal, structured process that enables eligible voters to make a binding decision on a specific issue — typically by casting a “yes” or “no” vote. Most commonly used in constitutional or high-level policy matters, referenda are administered by electoral commissions and involve strict legal and procedural frameworks. In a local government or organisational context, referenda may be used to ratify plans or changes that significantly affect a community.
While referenda represent the highest level of public participation on the IAP2 Spectrum (Empower), they are also complex and resource-intensive. They work best when there is a clear binary choice and strong public education in the lead-up. Effective referenda are supported by transparent information campaigns, non-partisan materials, and efforts to ensure informed decision-making. Without these, there is a risk of polarisation or disengagement.
What you'll need
Virtual Delivery (not typically used for voting, but for engagement)
- Informational campaign website
- Webinars or digital town halls to explain issue
- Social media campaign for education
- Online voter information kit
- Accessibility tools (language, screen readers)
In-person Delivery
- Polling booths or community voting stations
- Ballots, voting materials, secure storage
- Trained voting staff or volunteers
- Posters, flyers, FAQs in venue
- Physical accessibility setup
How to guide
A referendum is a formal process where the community votes directly on a specific question, policy, or proposal. It is often used to gauge public opinion or make binding decisions.
Steps to Implement:
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Define the question clearly
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Ensure the question is precise, neutral, and easily understood by participants.
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Avoid leading or complex wording that could confuse voters.
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Determine the scope and eligibility
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Define who can vote (e.g., residents, members of an organisation, a wider public group).
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Set eligibility rules, registration requirements, and deadlines.
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Plan logistics
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Decide the voting method: in-person, postal, online, or hybrid.
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Ensure security, accessibility, and privacy of votes.
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Establish a clear timeline for campaigning, voting, and counting.
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Inform the community
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Provide unbiased information about the issue, options, and implications.
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Offer forums, Q&A sessions, or materials so participants can make informed decisions.
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Run the referendum
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Manage voting in line with legal and procedural requirements.
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Monitor participation and provide support for voters with accessibility needs.
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Count and announce results
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Ensure transparency and integrity in vote counting.
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Communicate outcomes clearly to participants and stakeholders.
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Follow up
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Explain next steps based on the outcome.
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Share lessons learned to improve future engagement processes.
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